Farming was casual (much like large scale gardening). It was typically done by the women. The most important crops were squash, maize (corn), beans, sunflowers, etc. Wild nuts and berries were also important foods but they were just gathered from the woods.

The trees used to make the canoes had to be carefully selected. The section to be hollowed out had to be free of braches. This was because a branch results in knots where they are attached to the trunk. A knot could fall out when the canoe was in use. If it fell out then a hole would be exposed and the canoe could sink. In addition, the builders had to leave thick walls (25 cm to 35 cm) for the "hull" of the finished canoe. This would insure that a hole was not made by accident during the very crude construction process. Finally, the wood used in some canoes was oak. This resulted in a very heavy canoe that must have been hard to paddle. The Lenape used dug-out canoes for their water transportation needs. These were made by taking one solid tree trunk and hollowing it out.

This was done by charring the wood and then scraping it out with sharp rocks or other natural items. This was a very difficult job. It was shaped like a modern canoe. The iron tools of the Dutch must have been highly desired by the Lenape canoe builders. Dutch iron tools and pots contributed to the downfall of the Native Americans. Native Americans of the entire region lived in fairy permanent villages. They had political relations with other villages and tribes, a well developed religion, a devoted family relationship, a strong moral code, a great deal of agricultural, and medicinal knowledge, and a rudimentary educational system. Today, we would call such attributes the elements of a civilization.

The main difference from the European civilization was that the Native Americans did not have a comparable writing system or a developed sense of technology (for instance, the wheel was unknown). It could be said that they were children of naturein that nature directly provided for almost all of their needs. Their semi-permanent village, was called Ackensack. It was relocated, a few miles, every 8 to 10 years. The center of its several different locations was probably in the Palisades Park area. It was relocated in order to let nature renew the land from the impact that resulted from its use as a village. For example, good latrine areas would be used up. In addition, the forest surrounding the village would require a few decades to replace the large quantity of trees that were consumed for heating, cooking, building, etc.

It is believed that good village sites were reoccupied after nature had a chance to revive the countryside. The village would consist of perhaps 500 to 700 people in about 100 to 125 huts. (These numbers could vary greatly.) The huts were scattered in the woods but reasonably close to each other. Many residents were relatives such as cousins, grandparents, and more distant relatives, so they wanted to be close to each other. The huts, called wikwams, were dome shaped and made of made of bent saplings, covered with birch bark, chestnut bark or other suitable materials. A much larger community building, or "big house" was located near the center of the village. It was used for religious purposes, family meetings, and other special events. At the very end of the Lenape presence, in our area, the village was probably located behind a wooden palisade with a smaller number of huts in the protected area.

The Dutch iron pot; was a mixed blessing. While it made boiling food practical and greatly expanded the Native American menu, it caused tremendous problems. Every Lenape wife wanted an iron pot. The cost of iron pots, in furs, became quite high. The husbands were forced to over hunt the fur bearing animals in New Jersey. When they needed still more furs, the only places to get them were in New York and Pennsylvania. Naturally, the Native Americans in these areas opposed these intrusions. They then became involved in a series of violent incidents with the Lenape. (Ironically, New Jersey had all the materials needed for an iron industry. The making of iron pots, tools, and other items was a major New Jersey industry in the mid and late 1700's. Sussex County iron was even critical to the Revolutionary War effort.)

These decimated the Native American population throughout the eastern part of the continent. It has been estimated that 80 to 90 percent of population died of diseases. In many areas, entire villages were abandoned because the remaining natives were unable to continue their normal way of life. The remaining members would then unite with other affected villages in order to form a normal size village. The Hackensacks must have suffered from this same problem.

Another unfortunate introduction was to alcohol. Like the colonial Dutch, the Native Americans had great difficulty with alcohol's intoxicating effects.
Many years later, the matter became so serious that Governor Peter Stuyvesant named Oratam and another sakima, the first prohibition agents. They were actually authorized to seize the brandy (the most common hard alcohol) and the Dutchman who offered it to the Native Americans, and return both to the Dutch authorities. Clearly these chiefs were held in very high regard by Governor Stuyvesant for them to be given such powers over Dutchmen. It was also probably due to Oratam's renowned wisdom that the Hackensacks were able to maintain their peace and independence from hostile Native Americans. In 1663, an 87 year-old Oratam Oratam was a great Lenape Chief actually felt so comfortable with the Dutch that he requested a small cannon from them. He wanted it for self-protection, at the village, against hostile Native Americans . It is not known if he received it.

It would be many years before the first Dutch colonists would appear. Dutch investors knew it would be very costly to underwrite the expenses of a colony until it began to return a profit . They were in no hurry to take risks with their hard earned money. All profits would have to come from trade with the Native Americans. We must assume that one of Henry Hudson's tasks was to determine what the natives had, what they would want in trade, and the relative value of the goods exchanged. He found out the Native Americans could supply them with furs. The Dutch also found out the Native Americans wanted at reasonable trade rates: knives, axes, liquor (usually brandy) and an inexpensive woolen cloth called "duffels cloth" .

In 1624 the first settlers of New Amsterdam arrived. They consisted of only 8 men. (New Amsterdam meant New York and New Jersey to the Dutch. It was the English who separated these two states.)

It may not have been really understood by the Native Americans but the Dutch imposed their culture and legal system on the unknowing natives. All legal documents are very carefully worded. Clearly, the precise language of land sales would result in very specific wording of these legal documents. Getting the Dutch and Native Americans to communicate with this needed level of precision was a very difficult task.

This high level communication was accomplished by Sarah Kiersted. She was the wife of Dr. Hans Kiersted, the doctor for the employees of the Dutch West India Company in New Amsterdam. The Kiersteds probably arrived in Manhattan in the decade starting 1626. She became the first non-Native American landowner in Bogota due to her many years of work with Chief Oratam. She must have been a critical person in the relations between the Lenape and the Dutch. It might even be said that she was partially responsible for the security enjoyed by the Hackensacks. Her efforts resulted in Chief Oratam granting her, in 1638, an enormous piece of property (2260 acres) which included Bogota. She never moved to Bogota. It is likely that she had visited the area because of her Native American connections. In only 4 more years Bogota had its first resident, but this resident had nothing to do with Mrs. Kiersted.

The Dutch West India Company received their charter to establish colonies in the New World from the Dutch government. It was typical of the European attitude that no consideration was given to the Native Americans who already lived there.

Bogota's first official names were the "Colony of Myndert Myndertsen van Karen" and the "Colony of the Lord of Nederhorst". These men were the actual persons granted the land by the Dutch West India Company. They chose to remain in Holland. The settlement would soon be known as the Achter Col Colony. Achter Col was the name the Dutch would use when referring to the body of water we call the Hackensack River. It would be natural to call the first settlement on its banks by the same name.

It is fairly certain that Winckelman "bought" the land from the local Native Americans, as required by the Dutch authorities. (Note that Oratam had, only 4 years prior to this, given the same land to Sarah Kiersted. This leads to the theory that the Native Americans thought they were selling hunting and fishing rights - a common Native American practice.) No records exist but the price paid was probably trivial.

In 1643 relations between the Dutch, led by the inept Governor Kieft, and the Native Americans became strained to the breaking point. This was reached when Kieft's soldiers massacred 80 men, women and children as they were sleeping on the night of February 25 in Pavonia (Jersey City). The Native Americans were actually expecting promised Dutch protection against a raid by the war-like Mohegans.

It is not surprising that the Hackensacks and their allies then went to war against the Dutch. The Dutch had quite a few settlements in New Jersey at this time. The Native Americans burned all of them except the brewery in Hoboken and, temporarily, the Achter Col Colony.

Kieft had stationed a few soldiers and a small muzzle loading cannon at the colony. The Native Americans were not yet prepared to attack such a powerful defense, so they let it alone.

On April 22, 1643 a peace treaty was signed by Oratam. In the meantime, Governor Kieft ordered most of the Achter Col Colonists back to Manhattan and replaced them with 5 soldiers. This may have been considered an act of war on the part of the Dutch. On September 17, 1643, the Native Americans attacked the Achter Col Colony. They set the farmhouse on fire and the Dutch were lucky to safely get themselves into a canoe and escape down the river. The feared cannon was thrown into the river. Years later, its recovery was attempted but without any known success.

On August 30, 1645, another peace treaty was signed. This was signed by Oratam and by the other chiefs that came to his aid.

In 1660 the name Bergen was given to the major Dutch village in New Jersey. It was later applied to the county (1683). It was one of the original counties of the state and included Hudson County.

This Dutch name translates as "a ridge between two marshlands" and probably relates to the geology of the area. There is a very small chance the name may relate to a small village in Holland called Bergen-op-Zoom.

Roelof was married in 1695 and by 1700 he had 3 children. We can assume that he immediately began work on his own farm in Bogota. Between 1695 and about 1705 he built part of the house that still stands at 4 Lynn Court. It has had many additions over the years. The people of his time would say that he lived in "Winckelman". His brother Albert followed him a few years later and made his family farm just south of Roelof's with Fort Lee Road being its southern boundary. Roelof's house followed the usual practice of the time. This was to quickly build the first, small section of a sandstone Dutch Colonial farmhouse. Work would then continue at a more leisurely rate on the main section. When the second section was completed, the first section would then become the kitchen.

This house has never been moved but it would sure seem that way to Roelof. It was erected on the east side of River Road. Now it is 200 feet west of River road. This resulted from the relocation of River Road about 1855.

The Bogerts were very active in politics and Roelof Bogert was elected a Freeholder in Bergen County on April 20, 1720. They were also active in church affairs. Their church was the "Church on the Green" and it still stands by the Bergen County Courthouse. Many of the Bogota Bogerts, probably including Roelof, are buried in the small cemetery by the church.

During the American Revolution, Bogota and all of the land formed by the "V" made by the Hackensack River and Overpeck Creek was a "no-man's land". It was periodically raided by the British in New York and by the Americans when they were in the area. The British would offer English money which was good but the Colonials would offer "Continental" money which was nearly worthless. The Bogerts and most other farmers would prefer good English money to the kind Washington's troops offered. We can be sure they tried to do as little business with the Americans as possible. This came to a head after Washington's terrible winter at Morristown (1776-1777).

In the summer of 1777 the "Council of Safety" arrested 3 Bogota (at that time called Winckelman) farmers; Peter Bogert plus Derick and Cornelius Banta. They were imprisoned at the American camp in Morristown. They were released when the took a pledge of allegiance to the American cause. They must also have agreed to accept "Continental" money for their farm goods which then fed George Washington's army.

The original farm was also subdivided as needed. The Bantas had their farms south of Fort Lee Road. They built a farmhouse in 1747 which survived until the early 1960s. It was located on the southeast corner of Ft. Lee Road and River Road. It was demolished to make way for the present apartment house complex . A beautiful home at 119 Bogota Gardens was originally the carriage house (garage for horse drawn carriages) for this former Banta property. Its date of construction of about 1860 post dates the residency of the Bantas , who left "Winckelman" about 1830, but its link to their former home is certain. This home may also have the distinction of being the oldest home south of Fort Lee Road.

Politically, "Winckelman" had been a part of the Township of Hackensack since 1693. (The present City of Hackensack was then referred to as "New Barbados".) Then, in 1870, "Bogota" become part of the Township of Ridgefield.

It was at this time that "Bogota" was beginning to be used as the name of our area of Ridgefield rather than "Winckelman".

The town slowly grew in population. It reached its peak, as a farming town, with a population of about 145 in 1880. Bogota would have to change in character for it to grow, and it did change. The railroads enabled this to happen. Starting in 1873, we had two railroads in town. At first the service must have been freight only.

Soon, the promotion of "commuting" by the railroads resulted in regular "commuter" trains and this brought even more new residents. Our first industry also came about at this time. This was the manufacture of clay bricks from the native clay deposits. The clay deposits were located at the southwest end of Cross street east of the railroad tracks. The small field located there at the present time was the site of this quarry.

Bogota was about to make a dramatic change into a densely populated suburban community of several thousand people.

The difference between the old and the new residents provided for the first political conflicts in town. In 1894 the New Jersey Legislature passed the "Township School Law". This law intended to consolidate all school districts in any township under one board of education. (Until then, different sections of the same town could set up separate schools and raise their own taxes.) The new law was intended to equalize educational opportunities within a municipality. This effort was a failure, especially in Bergen County, because a way to avoid the provisions of the "Township School Law" was also supplied in the same year. It was called the "Borough Act".

The Borough Act wiped out former subsidiary school districts, and made each township a separate school district. Taxpayers were obliged to pay, pro rata, existing debts of the old districts besides all future debts of the township for school purposes. Exempt from this provision of tax were boroughs, towns, villages, and cities. Consequently, twenty-six boroughs in Bergen county were formed between January 23rd and December 18th, 1894. (Simply stated, the Borough Act permitted portions of a town to incorporate separately. The concept of equalizing educational opportunity between municipalities is not yet a reality.) The old timers, led by founding family descendent Judge Peter F. Bogert and William DeGraw, wanted to remain a part of Ridgefield. Judge Bogert was a member of the Ridgefield Township Committee from 1880 to 1887 and apparently saw no reason to change what he apparently felt was a good system. The "Home Rule" movement was led by Frederick W. Cane who was to become our first mayor and serve in that capacity for sixteen years.

On September 21, 1884 a petition was presented to Judge James M. Van Valen at Hackensack. It requested that he call a special election regarding the incorporation

of Bogota. This election was held on November 14, 1894 at the Bogota Water and Light Co. building on Elm Avenue and Munn (this building was demolished about 1980). Fifty seven votes were cast. Those favoring incorporation won. The vote was 36 to 19 and 2 votes were rejected. The primary election was held on January 10, 1895. On January 15, 1895 the uncontested election was held. Frederick W. Cane was elected Mayor and Peter Bogart Jr., A. Godwin Munn Jr., Peter F. Hooper, A. J. Brinkerhoff, Henry McDougal, and Edward B. Duvall were elected to the council. The first meeting of the Borough officials was held on January 23, 1895. 1895 can be considered the year when farming began to decline and Bogota started to become a small suburban town with an important industrial element. It was the year the old time farmers, led by Judge Peter F. Bogert, lost political control of the town to the new residents led by Frederick W. Cane.

William N. Smith; started the Bogota Paper Company. Other paper companies would later be in the same area, the site of the old brick works. This area was just north of where Route 80 is now and extended from River Road to the Hackensack River. Cross Street was the northern boundary except for a small piece of land west of the Susquehanna Tracks where paper mill properties continued north for about 400 feet along the river.

The next event was to forever shatter the then semi-rural nature of Bogota. It was the electric trolley.

In 1898 the Bergen County Traction Company (later Hudson River Trolley Line) was extended from Leonia to River Road. In 1900 it was extended again, this time from River Road to Paterson. In 1912, Public Service began construction of its Bergen Turnpike and Hudson River Line on Queen Anne Road. The effect of these services was to make the trip to New York and major New Jersey cities reasonable to the average commuters of that time. More commuters then wanted to live in Bogota and this caused a housing boom, and municipal headaches.

The population growth was like this: in 1880 it was 145, in 1895 about 250, in 1903 about 600, in 1912 about 1400, in 1920 it was 3906, in 1930 it was 7341. The train was very important, especially as a catalyst, but the major part of this huge population increase was clearly due to the trolleys, the local industries, and the local businesses the population growth needed.

Schools were put up one after the other. Steen School 1910, Dewey School 1918, Bixby School 1921, Bogota High School 1924, and St. Joseph's School 1925. Except for St. Joe's, all the schools were put up at taxpayer expense and we can imagine all the heated arguments that occurred. Many other local institutions also started in this era. The people of Bogota would spend the next several years making it the community we recognize today. They would convert their homes to electric power for lighting and refrigerators. They would pave streets and develop parks. They would start many small local businesses and also some larger ones.

World War II followed and it caused 41 Bogota men to lose their lives. The was no possibility of naming streets to honor these Gold Star patriots, as was done for the World War I men. We just did not have enough streets. A Veterans Memorial, in front of Borough Hall, became the appropriate way to remember their sacrifice.

Those who did not go off to fight in the war would feel the impact of various rationing programs. The war time economy was devoid of many consumer goods, and there was great worry about their friends, neighbors, and loved ones who were in combat. This anxiety would be made worse because mail delays of weeks or even months would be common.

A great many would be involved in producing the material needed to win the most intense war in history. New Jersey was a great manufacturing area then and Bogota had some impressive capability in our paper mills and the Brewster Construction Company.

In the late 1940's the cold war started. The Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal was a serious national concern. Civil Defense became an important, peace time concept. Children in schools participated in nuclear attack drills along with fire drills. "Fallout" shelters were set up in heavy stone buildings like our schools and churches. Government issued water cans and other supplies were stockpiled by all towns.

Gradually, the perceived nuclear threat faded and other concerns gained national and local attention. The 1960's saw a growing concern about environmental issues.

By 1961 we had joined the expanding number of towns using the Bergen County Sewer Authority's modern, effective, pollution control facility in Little Ferry. Our own sewage treatment plant was many decades old and could not do the needed job. It was located near the river, about 400 feet north of Cross Street and it remnants can still be see today.

The early 1960's saw a revolution in local commuting when Interstate Route 80 opened up. It was now possible to enter the Interstate Highway system in Bogota. It provided fast access to other highways such as route 17 and the Garden State Parkway.

The 1960's also saw another change in the character of Bogota, most of the paper mills closed.

In 1970, the last paper mill in Bogota closed. This was the old Continental mill which Simpkins Industries purchased in July of 1969 and tried to run for a short time. The Continental buildings were leveled over the next 10 years.

On April 1, 1984 we began to rebuild the facilities that were built during or shortly after the depression. The Main Street bridge was given a complete new roadway, rebuilt columns, a lot of new steel, and rebuilt pedestrian walks and stairs.

The annual Memorial Day parade (a very popular event) was rerouted to run under the railroad bridge on River Road to get to the west side of town.

While the rebuilding was in progress, the old railroad track pedestrian underpass at Fort Lee Road was filled in and the end stairwells leveled. The last item rebuilt was the Main Street bridge over the Hackensack River. This bridge was given new approaches, a new steel deck, and had the deck support structure rebuilt. The bridge's ability to open was taken away but it was then possible to make the bridge feel more solid by eliminating the "bouncing" ends.

On a more somber note, additional names were added to our Veterans Memorial to remember our losses in the Korean Conflict and the Viet Nam involvement.

June 1992 saw the closing of the Dewey School due to declining enrollments. Plans to replace the Steen and Bixby Schools were made but they were defeated by the voters in 1993. New school building proponents are still active. It is amazing to think that if Mayor Cane were able to come back to Bogota today, he would still find the people in hot arguments over our school facilities.

The people in Bogota have changed several times in the past 500 years. We have had Native Americans, fur traders, farmers, and suburbanites. In all of that time, we have always been a family oriented, hard working, caring people.

We are proud of our Borough and our heritage.